{"id":12590,"date":"2021-09-16T13:17:19","date_gmt":"2021-09-16T11:17:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/file-formats\/"},"modified":"2025-01-24T13:02:07","modified_gmt":"2025-01-24T12:02:07","slug":"file-formats","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/","title":{"rendered":"File formats"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.10.7&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.10.7&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.10.7&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.10.7&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Open Sans||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#003A49&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>Preferred formats are file formats of which DANS &#8211; based on international agreements &#8211; is confident that they will offer the best long-term guarantees in terms of usability, accessibility and sustainability. Deposits of research data in preferred formats will always be accepted by DANS.<\/p>\n<p>Non-preferred formats are file formats that are widely used in addition to the preferred formats, and which will be moderately to reasonably usable, accessible and robust in the long term.<\/p>\n<p>As a general guideline, DANS believes that the file formats best suited for long-term sustainability and accessibility:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Are frequently used.<\/li>\n<li>Have open specifications.<\/li>\n<li>Are independent of specific software, developers or vendors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In practice, it is not always possible to use formats which satisfy all of these criteria.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"VIiyi\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"nl\" data-phrase-index=\"1\">It may be desirable to make certain original data available in &#8216;Non-preferred format(s)&#8217; because these can be characterized as current usage formats.\u00a0Examples include Esri Shapefiles, Microsoft Access databases, SPSS .sav files.\u00a0DANS then asks you to deposit your data in these original formats as well as in Preferred formats aimed at long-term sustainability.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"VIiyi\"><span class=\"JLqJ4b ChMk0b\" data-language-for-alternatives=\"en\" data-language-to-translate-into=\"nl\" data-phrase-index=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For deposits of datasets from archaeology, the provisions as included in <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sikb.nl\/archeologie\/richtlijnen\/brl-sikb-4000\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">BRL SIKB 4000<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> apply. If the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">preferred formats<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> change at any time, DANS will communicate this in a timely manner with the archaeological field and will take a transition period of two years into account. This period corresponds to the statutory maximum period of two years between the end of the archaeological fieldwork and the moment of depositing excavation data.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>If your data are stored in other formats than those mentioned below, please <a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/ask-your-question\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">contact<\/a> DANS.<\/p>\n<table class=\"plain\" style=\"height: 1954px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px;\">\n<th style=\"height: 22px; width: 347.977px;\">Type<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 22px; width: 300.961px;\">Preferred format(s)<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 22px; width: 455.016px;\">Non-preferred format(s)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 117px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/text-documents\/\">Text documents<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/text-documents\/pdf-a\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PDF\/A (.pdf)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/text-documents\/opendocument-text\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">ODT (.odt)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/text-documents\/microsoft-word-and-office-open-xml\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Microsoft Word (.doc)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/text-documents\/microsoft-word-and-office-open-xml\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Office Open XML (.docx)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/text-documents\/rich-text-file-rtf\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rich Text File (.rtf)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/text-documents\/pdf-pdf\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PDF other than PDF\/A (.pdf)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 50px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 50px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/plain-text\/\">Plain text<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 50px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/plain-text\/unicode\/\">Unicode text (.txt)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 50px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/plain-text\/non-unicode\/\">Non-Unicode text (.txt)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 95px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/markup-language\/\">Markup language<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/markup-language\/xml\/\">XML (.xml)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/markup-language\/html\/\">HTML (.html)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Related files: <a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/markup-language\/css\/\">.css<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/markup-language\/xslt\/\">.xslt<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/markup-language\/script\/\">.js<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/markup-language\/script\/\">.es<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/markup-language\/markdown\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Markdown (.md)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/markup-language\/sgml\/\">SGML (.sgml)<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 95px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/bestandsformaten\/programmeertaal\/\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/programming-languages\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Programming languages<\/span><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/bestandsformaten\/programmeertaal\/\"><\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/programming-languages\/matlab\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MATLAB<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/programming-languages\/netcdf\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NetCDF<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/programming-languages\/text-fabric\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Text-Fabric<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Python<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<div><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 95px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/spreadsheets\/\">Spreadsheets<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/spreadsheets\/ods\/\">ODS (.ods)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/spreadsheets\/csv\/\">CSV (.csv)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/spreadsheets\/microsoft-excel\/\">Microsoft Excel (.xls)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/spreadsheets\/office-open-xml-workbook\/\">Office Open XML Workbook (.xlsx)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/spreadsheets\/pdf-a\/\">PDF\/A (.pdf)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 95px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/databases\/\">Databases<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/databases\/sql\/\">SQL (.sql)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/databases\/siard\/\">SIARD (.siard)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/databases\/csv\/\">CSV (.csv)\u00a0<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/databases\/microsoft-access\/\">Microsoft Access (.mdb, .accdb)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/databases\/dbase\/\">dBase (.dbf)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/databases\/hierarchical-data-format-hdf5\/\">HDF5 (.hdf5, .he5, .h5)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 117px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/statistical-data\/\">Statistical data<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/statistical-data\/data-and-setup\/\">SPSS\u00a0(.dat\/.sps)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/statistical-data\/data-and-setup\/\">STATA\u00a0(.dat\/.DO)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/statistical-data\/jasp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JASP (.csv\/.html)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/statistical-data\/r\/\">R<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/statistical-data\/spss-portable\/\">SPSS Portable\u00a0(.por)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/statistical-data\/spss-sav\/\">SPSS\u00a0(.sav)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/statistical-data\/stata\/\">STATA\u00a0(.dta)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/statistical-data\/sas\/\">SAS\u00a0(.7dat; .sd2; .tpt)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/statistical-data\/jasp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JASP (.jasp)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 140px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 140px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-raster\/\">Raster images\u00a0<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 140px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-raster\/jpeg\/\">JPEG\u00a0(.jpg, .jpeg)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-raster\/tiff\/\">TIFF\u00a0(.tif, .tiff)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-raster\/png\/\">PNG\u00a0(.png)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-raster\/jpeg-2000\/\">JPEG 2000\u00a0(.jp2)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-raster\/dicom\/\">DICOM\u00a0(.dcm)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 140px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<div><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 117px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-vector\/\">Vector images\u00a0<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-vector\/svg\/\">SVG\u00a0(.svg)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-vector\/adobe-illustrator\/\">Adobe\u00a0Illustrator\u00a0(.ai)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-vector\/eps\/\">EPS\u00a0(.eps)<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-vector\/wmf-emf\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">WMF\/EMF (.wmf, .emf)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-vector\/cdr\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CDR (.cdr)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 140px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 140px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/audio\/\">Audio<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 140px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/audio\/bwf\/\">BWF\u00a0(.bwf)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/audio\/mxf\/\">MXF\u00a0(.mxf)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/audio\/matroska\/\">Matroska\u00a0(.mka)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/audio\/flac\/\">FLAC\u00a0(.flac)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/audio\/opus\/\">OPUS<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 140px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/audio\/wave\/\">WAVE\u00a0(.wav)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/audio\/mp3\/\">MP3\u00a0(.mp3)<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/audio\/aac\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AAC (.aac, .m4a)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/audio\/aiff\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AIFF (.aif, .aiff)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/audio\/ogg\/\">OGG\u00a0(.ogg)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 117px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/video\/\">Video<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/video\/mxf\/\">MXF\u00a0(.mxf)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/video\/matroska\/\">Matroska\u00a0(.mkv)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/video\/mpeg-4\/\">MPEG-4\u00a0(.mp4, .m4a, .m4v, \u2026)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/video\/mpeg-2\/\">MPEG-2\u00a0(.mpg, .mpeg, .m2v, .mpg2, \u2026)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/video\/avi\/\">AVI (.avi)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/video\/quicktime\/\">QuickTime\u00a0(.mov, .qt)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 95px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/computer-aided-design-cad\/\">Computer Aided Design (CAD)<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/computer-aided-design-cad\/autocad-dxf-versie-r12-ascii\/\">AutoCAD DXF version R12 (ASCII) (.dxf)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/computer-aided-design-cad\/svg\/\">SVG\u00a0(.svg)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/computer-aided-design-cad\/autocad-dxf-versie-anders-dan-r12-ascii\/\">AutoCAD DXF, version different than R12 (ASCII) (.dxf)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/computer-aided-design-cad\/dwg\/\">DWG\u00a0(.dwg)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/computer-aided-design-cad\/dgn\/\">DGN\u00a0(.dgn)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 140px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 140px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/geographical-information-systems-gis\/\">Geographical Information Systems (GIS)<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 140px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/geographical-information-systems-gis\/gml\/\">GML\u00a0(.gml)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/geographical-information-systems-gis\/mif-mid\/\">MIF\/MID\u00a0(.mif\/.mid)<\/a><\/li>\n<li>GeoJSON (.json)<\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">GeoPackage (.gpgk)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 140px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/geographical-information-systems-gis\/esri-shapefile\/\">Esri Shapefiles (.shp &amp; related files)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/geographical-information-systems-gis\/mapinfo\/\">MapInfo (.tab &amp; related files)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/geographical-information-systems-gis\/kml\/\">KML\u00a0(.kml, .kmz)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/geographical-information-systems-gis\/esri-geodatabase\/\">Esri Geodatabase\u00a0(.gdb)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/geographical-information-systems-gis\/project-files-workspaces\/\">Project files \/ Workspaces (.mxd, .wor, .qgs)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 95px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-georeference\/\">Georeferenced images\u00a0<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-georeference\/geotiff\/\">GeoTIFF\u00a0(.tif, .tiff)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-georeference\/tiff-world-file\/\">TIFF World File (.tfw &amp; .tif, possibly with additional files)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-georeference\/jpeg-world-file\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JPEG World File (.jgw &amp; .jpg, possibly with additional files)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/images-georeference\/erdas-imagine-file-format\/\">ERDAS IMAGINE File Format\u00a0(.img)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 95px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/raster-gis\/\">Raster GIS<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/raster-gis\/ascii-grid\/\">ASCII GRID\u00a0(.asc, .txt)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 95px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/raster-gis\/erdas-imagine-file-format\/\">Esri GRID (.grd &amp; related files)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/raster-gis\/surfer-grid\/\">Surfer Grid\u00a0(.grd; .srf)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/raster-gis\/erdas-imagine-file-format\/\">ERDAS IMAGINE File Format\u00a0(.img)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 117px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/\">3D<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/wavefront-object\/\">WaveFront Object\u00a0(.obj)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/polygon-file-format\/\">Polygon file format\u00a0(.ply)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/x3d\/\">X3D (.x3d)<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/gltf\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">glTF 2.0 (.gltf; .glb)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/collada\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">COLLADA (.dae)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/laser\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LASer (.las, .laz)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/industry-foundation-classes\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">IFC (.ifc)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 117px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/autodesk-fbx\/\">Autodesk FBX\u00a0(.fbx)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/blender\/\">Blender\u00a0(.blend)<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/gltf\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">glTF 1.0 (.gltf; .glb)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/adobe-portable-document-format-3d-pdf\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">3D PDF (.pdf)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/google-draco\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Google Draco (.drc)<\/span> <\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/artec\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artec (.a3d)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/agisoft-metashape\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Agisoft Metashape (.psx &amp; .psz)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/stl\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">STL (.stl)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/3d\/vrml\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">VRML (.wrl, .wrz, .vrml)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 140px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 140px; width: 347.977px;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/rdf-2\/\">RDF<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 140px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/rdf-2\/rdf-xml\/\"><span>RDF\/XML<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/rdf-2\/trig\/\"><span>Trig (.trig)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/rdf-2\/turtle\/\"><span>Turtle (.ttl)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/rdf-2\/n-triples\/\"><span>NTriples (.nt)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/rdf-2\/json-ld\/\"><span>JSON-LD<\/span><\/a>\n<ul><\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 140px; width: 455.016px;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 72px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 72px; width: 347.977px;\"><a class=\"internal-link\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/computer-assisted-qualitative-data-analysis-caqdas\/\" rel=\"noopener\">Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis (CAQDAS)<\/a><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 72px; width: 300.961px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/computer-assisted-qualitative-data-analysis-caqdas\/refi-qda-qualitative-data-analysis\/\">REFI-QDA (Qualitative Data Analysis)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 72px; width: 455.016px;\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/computer-assisted-qualitative-data-analysis-caqdas\/atlas-ti-copy-bundle-and-nvivo-project-file-2\/\">ATLAS.TI copy bundle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dans.knaw.nl\/en\/file-formats\/computer-assisted-qualitative-data-analysis-caqdas\/atlas-ti-copy-bundle-and-nvivo-project-file\/\">NVivo project file<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Digital data are stored in file formats, which are often standard software formats. The software and file format selected will usually depend on the user\u2019s primary purpose of use. To create a table, for instance, spreadsheet software will be used more often than a word processor. This is because data tables have specific properties that are better supported by specialized software. This may include the ability to sort data, to use formulas, to set up a filter, and so on. If such properties are stored in a spreadsheet application the user may expect the file format to preserve these properties, or \u2018significant characteristics\u2019. If the table is created using a word processor it is less likely for the software to support these properties. The word processor, on the other hand, will be more suitable for formatting an article, for instance using a functional table of contents and adding page numbers. Such features are not supported by spreadsheet software.<\/p>\n<p>When information is stored from a software program, it is usually saved in that program\u2019s standard file format. This is, however, no guarantee that in the future the data file contents can be used or displayed in the way that was intended when the file was created. Formats may, for instance, be dependent on particular software. Software can become obsolete or only support specific versions of formats. It is also possible that specific format properties are only present in the software used, or even only in one specific version of this software. Files may also be dependent on the use of expensive or exclusive software. To preclude the risk of obsolescence and ensure the accessibility and sustainability of important file properties, a number of measures can be taken. One of these measures is to use file formats that have a high probability of remaining usable for many years.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a9 DANS. R.5.5. Version 1.3, January 17, 2025<\/span><\/pre>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Preferred formats are file formats of which DANS &#8211; based on international agreements &#8211; is confident that they will offer the best long-term guarantees in terms of usability, accessibility and sustainability. Deposits of research data in preferred formats will always be accepted by DANS. Non-preferred formats are file formats that are widely used in addition [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-12590","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>File formats | DANS<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Preferred formats are file formats of which DANS is confident that they will offer the best long-term guarantees in terms of usability, accessibility and sustainability.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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